UART - Revision history

Admin at 17:16, 10 March 2025

2025-03-10T17:16:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:16, 10 March 2025
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	<p>This page will cover Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) protocol, how it functions, how to communicate with a device over it, and where to find ports that allow access.		<p>This page will cover Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) protocol, how it functions, how to communicate with a device over it, and where to find ports that allow access.
	</br>		</br>
	UART or Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter is often used as a low level protocol to ~~comicate~~ with devices, such as HDD controllers, It is asynchronous meaning it does not have a clock(clk) line </br>		UART or Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter is often used as a low level protocol to communicate with devices, such as HDD controllers, It is asynchronous meaning it does not have a clock(clk) line </br>
	~~there for~~ relies on an external clock.(this will be covered later in the Baud Rate section)		therefore relies on an external clock.(this will be covered later in the Baud Rate section)
	</br> The UART protocol runs off two data lines plus ground(three in total), these are </br>		</br> The UART protocol runs off two data lines plus ground (three in total), these are </br>
	<B> 2.0 connections</B>		<B> 2.0 connections</B>
	<ul>		<ul>
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	<include diagram somewhere>		<include diagram somewhere>
	</br>		</br>
	<B>3.0 Protocol ~~configation~~ </B>		<B>3.0 Protocol configuration </B>
	</br>		</br>
	There are five main aspects to communicating over UART, with two additional (Break condition, idle state) conditions.		There are five main aspects to communicating over UART, with two additional (Break condition, idle state) conditions.
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	Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate measured in bits per second(BPS) must be set for data to be transmitted at the same speed by both devices		Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate measured in bits per second(BPS) must be set for data to be transmitted at the same speed by both devices
	</br>		</br>
	otherwise data will not be transmitted correctly Both sides of the ~~commication~~ must be operating at the same speed otherwise communication will not be successful.		otherwise data will not be transmitted correctly, Both sides of the communication must be operating at the same speed otherwise communication will not be successful.
	</br> The most commonly used bod rates are, 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200.		</br> The most commonly used bod rates are, 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200.
	</br>		</br>
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	</br>As the name suggests data bits is the size of the data packets that are being sent with the most common size being 8 data bits per package however other sizes are possible.		</br>As the name suggests data bits is the size of the data packets that are being sent with the most common size being 8 data bits per package however other sizes are possible.
	<br>		<br>
	Logically the bigger the data bits the more data they can carry but the slower the transfer rate due to the increased size.		Logically, the bigger the data bits the more data they can carry but the slower the transfer rate due to the increased size.
	</br>		</br>
	<B>3.</B> Parity		<B>3.</B> Parity
	<br>		<br>
	Parity also ~~know~~ as error checking is a optional(typically not used) but useful bit within the ~~commication~~ packet as it can aid in the ~~dectection~~ of packet corruption		Parity also known as error checking is an optional (typically not used) but useful bit within the communication packet as it can aid in the detection of packet corruption
	</br>		</br>
	Note the use of the word aid as like most systems it is not perfect so data corruption may still occur.		Note the use of the word aid as like most systems it is not perfect, so data corruption may still occur.
	</br>		</br>
	<ul>		<ul>
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	<B>4.</B> Stop Bits</br>		<B>4.</B> Stop Bits</br>
	Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.		Stop bits denote the end of each packet, which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.
	~~typically~~ the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two		Typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two

	<B>5.</B> Flow Control		<B>5.</B> Flow Control
	</br>		</br>
	Flow control is responsible for making sure the data transfer speeds are kept consistent regardless of the fact one device maybe faster than the other.		Flow control is responsible for making sure the data transfer speeds are kept consistent, regardless of the fact one device maybe faster than the other.
	</br>		</br>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>None - no control </li>		<li>None - no control </li>
	<li>Hardware - The use of two additional pins Request To Send(RTS),Clear To Send(CTS) to indicate when a device requires more data or is ready for more data.</li>		<li>Hardware - The use of two additional pins Request To Send(RTS), Clear To Send(CTS) to indicate when a device requires more data or is ready for more data.</li>
	<li>Software - uses special charters(XON to resume, XOFF to pause) which are placed within the data for the other device to register</li>		<li>Software - uses special charters(XON to resume, XOFF to pause) which are placed within the data for the other device to register</li>
	</br>		</br>

	<B>6.</B> Break condition		<B>6.</B> Break condition
	A Break condition is similar to a time out, if a extended period of low voltage(e.g no activity/break) occurs then a break condition is applied, can be used as a control signal		A Break condition is similar to a time-out, if an extended period of low voltage(e.g. no activity/break) occurs then a break condition is applied, can be used as a control signal
	</br>		</br>

	<B>7.</B> Idle state		<B>7.</B> Idle state
	Idle state defines how the lines appear when there is ~~not~~ data being transmitted(typically a high voltage)		Idle state defines how the lines appear when there is no data being transmitted (typically a high voltage)

	</p>		</p>
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	<h3 id="required">Required</h3>		<h3 id="required">Required</h3>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li> UART to ~~usb~~ adapter</li>		<li> UART to USB adapter</li>
	<li> jumper wires</li>		<li> jumper wires</li>
	<li> serial terminal</li>		<li> serial terminal</li>
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	<li>Multimeter</li>		<li>Multimeter</li>
	<li> Soldering iron </li>		<li> Soldering iron </li>
	<li>baud rate ~~dection~~ tool</li>		<li>baud rate detection tool</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</tr>		</tr>

Admin at 18:30, 3 March 2025

2025-03-03T18:30:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 3 March 2025
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	<h1 id="section4">Troubleshooting/tips and tricks</h1>		<h1 id="section4">Troubleshooting/tips and tricks</h1>
	<p>Fixes to any common issues that were encountered or could be easily encountered</p>		<p>Fixes to any common issues that were encountered or could be easily encountered</p>
	<p> different ~~confiuration~~ settings can be tried without damage to the devices</p>		<p> different configuration settings can be tried without damage to the devices</p>

	<h1 id="section5">Related Topics</h1>		<h1 id="section5">Related Topics</h1>

Admin at 18:27, 3 March 2025

2025-03-03T18:27:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:27, 3 March 2025
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	Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate measured in bits per second(BPS) must be set for data to be transmitted at the same speed by both devices		Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate measured in bits per second(BPS) must be set for data to be transmitted at the same speed by both devices
	</br>		</br>
	otherwise data will not be transmitted correctly Both sides of the commication must be operating at the same speed otherwise ~~commination~~ will not be successful.		otherwise data will not be transmitted correctly Both sides of the commication must be operating at the same speed otherwise communication will not be successful.
	</br> ~~the~~ most commonly used bod rates are, 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200.		</br> The most commonly used bod rates are, 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200.
	</br>		</br>
	<B>2.</B> Data bits		<B>2.</B> Data bits

Admin at 18:25, 3 March 2025

2025-03-03T18:25:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 3 March 2025
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	</br>		</br>

	<B>4.</B></br> ~~Stop Bits~~		<B>4.</B> Stop Bits</br>
	Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.		Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.
	typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two		typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two

Admin at 18:24, 3 March 2025

2025-03-03T18:24:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 3 March 2025
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	</br>		</br>

	<B>4.</B> Stop Bits		<B>4.</B></br> Stop Bits
	Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.		Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.
	typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two		typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two

Admin at 15:29, 3 March 2025

2025-03-03T15:29:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 3 March 2025
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	</ul>		</ul>
	</li>		</li>
	~~<li><a href="#section1"> Uses of this skill</a></li>~~
	<li><a href="#section2"> Step-by-step guide with images</a></li>		<li><a href="#section2"> Step-by-step guide with images</a></li>
	<li><a href="#section3"> Flow chart of order of operations</a></li>		<li><a href="#section3"> Flow chart of order of operations</a></li>
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	</div>		</div>

	~~<h1 id="section1">Uses of this skill</h1>~~
	~~<ul>~~
	~~<li>1.test</li>~~
	~~<li>2.test</li>~~
	~~<li>3.test</li>~~
	<h1 id="section2">Step-by-step guide with images</h1>		<h1 id="section2">Step-by-step guide with images</h1>
	<p>Insert step-by-step walkthrough with images and summary text here</p>		<p>Insert step-by-step walkthrough with images and summary text here</p>

Admin at 13:00, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T13:00:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:00, 27 January 2025
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	</ul>		</ul>
	</br>		</br>

	<B>4.</B> Stop Bits		<B>4.</B> Stop Bits
	Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.		Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.
	typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two		typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two

	<B>5.</B> Flow Control		<B>5.</B> Flow Control
	</br>		</br>
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	<li>Software - uses special charters(XON to resume, XOFF to pause) which are placed within the data for the other device to register</li>		<li>Software - uses special charters(XON to resume, XOFF to pause) which are placed within the data for the other device to register</li>
	</br>		</br>

	<B>6.</B> Break condition		<B>6.</B> Break condition
	A Break condition is similar to a time out, if a extended period of low voltage(e.g no activity/break) occurs then a break condition is applied, can be used as a control signal		A Break condition is similar to a time out, if a extended period of low voltage(e.g no activity/break) occurs then a break condition is applied, can be used as a control signal
	</br>		</br>

	<B>7.</B> Idle state		<B>7.</B> Idle state
	Idle state defines how the lines appear when there is not data being transmitted(typically a high voltage)		Idle state defines how the lines appear when there is not data being transmitted(typically a high voltage)

	</p>		</p>
	<h1 id="section0">What tools you will need</h1>		<h1 id="section0">What tools you will need</h1>

Admin at 12:59, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T12:59:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 27 January 2025
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	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>None- nothing used </li>		<li>None- nothing used </li>
	<li>Even~~</li>~~ parity bit is set to make all the 1's even		<li>Even - parity bit is set to make all the 1's even </li>
	<li>~~odd~~</li> parity bit is set to make all the 1's odd		<li>odd - parity bit is set to make all the 1's odd </li>
			</ul>
			</br>
			<B>4.</B> Stop Bits
			Stop bits denote the end of each packet which allows for the receiver to recognize the end of each packet then the start of a new one.
			typically the stop bits are only one bit but can also be two
			<B>5.</B> Flow Control
			</br>
			Flow control is responsible for making sure the data transfer speeds are kept consistent regardless of the fact one device maybe faster than the other.
			</br>
			<ul>
			<li>None - no control </li>
			<li>Hardware - The use of two additional pins Request To Send(RTS),Clear To Send(CTS) to indicate when a device requires more data or is ready for more data.</li>
			<li>Software - uses special charters(XON to resume, XOFF to pause) which are placed within the data for the other device to register</li>
			</br>
			<B>6.</B> Break condition
			A Break condition is similar to a time out, if a extended period of low voltage(e.g no activity/break) occurs then a break condition is applied, can be used as a control signal
			</br>
			<B>7.</B> Idle state
			Idle state defines how the lines appear when there is not data being transmitted(typically a high voltage)
	</p>		</p>
	<h1 id="section0">What tools you will need</h1>		<h1 id="section0">What tools you will need</h1>
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	<h3 id="required">Required</h3>		<h3 id="required">Required</h3>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>~~Test~~</li>		<li> UART to usb adapter</li>
			<li> jumper wires</li>
			<li> serial terminal</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</tr>		</tr>
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	<h3 id="optional">Optional but useful</h3>		<h3 id="optional">Optional but useful</h3>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>~~Test~~</li>		<li>Multimeter</li>
			<li> Soldering iron </li>
			<li>baud rate dection tool</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</tr>		</tr>
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	<h1 id="section4">Troubleshooting/tips and tricks</h1>		<h1 id="section4">Troubleshooting/tips and tricks</h1>
	<p>Fixes to any common issues that were encountered or could be easily encountered</p>		<p>Fixes to any common issues that were encountered or could be easily encountered</p>
			<p> different confiuration settings can be tried without damage to the devices</p>

	<h1 id="section5">Related Topics</h1>		<h1 id="section5">Related Topics</h1>
	<p>Topics such as desoldering to chip off or firmware dumping for disk PCB repairs</p>		<p>Topics such as desoldering to chip off or firmware dumping for disk PCB repairs</p>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li><a href="#">~~Related Topic 1~~</a></li>		<li><a href="https://archive.org/details/the-hardware-hacking-handbook">the hardware hacking handbook</a></li>
	<li><a href="#">Related Topic 2</a></li>		<li><a href="#">Related Topic 2</a></li>
	</ul>		</ul>

Admin at 12:26, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T12:26:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:26, 27 January 2025
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	</br>		</br>
	<ul>		<ul>
	<li>None</li> ~~nothing used~~		<li>None- nothing used </li>
	<li>Even</li> parity bit is set to make all the 1's even		<li>Even</li> parity bit is set to make all the 1's even
	<li>odd</li> parity bit is set to make all the 1's odd		<li>odd</li> parity bit is set to make all the 1's odd

Admin at 12:26, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T12:26:20Z

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 <B>1.</B> Baud Rate
 </br>
-Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate must be set in order to set the speed in which data is transmitted otherwise the data will not be transmitted correctly
+Due to UART being Asynchronous and lacking a clock(clk) signal, A baud rate measured in bits per second(BPS) must be set for data to be transmitted at the same speed by both devices
-<br>Both sides of the commication must be operating at the same speed otherwise commination will not be successful.
+</br>
 </p>
 <h1 id="section0">What tools you will need</h1>